5.    Educate all 3 sectors in social entrepreneurship’s new approach to social problem solving.
Social entrepreneurship provides not only new ways of addressing persistent social problems, but also news ways of thinking about them. Government leaders can play a crucial role in educating the public, private, and nonprofit sectors in how to begin tackling social problem solving from this new, business-oriented perspective that prioritizes cost-effective and results-driven solutions.

Model:  The Phoenix Project   
Leaders of Virginia’s public, private, and nonprofit sectors have joined forces to form the Phoenix Project, a statewide effort to accelerate social entrepreneurship in Virginia as a way of battling poverty and other pressing social challenges. The effort has involved Governor Tim Kaine, former Governor Mark Warner, Lieutenant Governor Bill Bolling, and other elected officials in educating leaders in all three sectors in the new way of thinking that social entrepreneurship brings to social problem solving. The presence of high-level government officials as spokespeople has drawn to the effort private and nonprofit sector CEOs, as well as leaders from 40 Virginia universities, to pursue the Phoenix Project’s four-part strategy: (1) convene statewide discussions to educate and network leaders interested in social entrepreneurship; (2) engage public leaders as guest lecturers in an annual six-week social entrepreneurship academic and experiential program for thirty top undergraduate and graduate students drawn from throughout the Commonwealth; (3) create partnerships between consortia of universities and economically distressed communities to provide the context for launching and refining social enterprise solutions; and (4) forge a statewide agenda for accelerating social entrepreneurship with specific roles for leaders of each sector. According to the Phoenix Project’s Founder Greg Werkheiser, “With the visible involvement of our government leaders, we are creating the conditions necessary to make Virginia a destination for social entrepreneurship and for effective solutions to the problem of poverty.”

Next week: Set Policy to Enable and Encourage Social Entrepreneurship

3.    Convene the public, private, and nonprofit sectors on critical social issues to advance solutions.
Government has the unique ability to convene the necessary stakeholders in order to address a particular social issue.  By gathering the key players from all sectors, public officials can lead the process of agreeing on the root causes of the social problem, plotting out a course of action for addressing it, and advancing solutions.

Model: The California Rural Economic Health Vitality Project
In 2005, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and his cabinet joined the California Center for Regional Leadership in hosting a statewide planning process called the Rural Economic Vitality Project. Through a series of regional and statewide planning meetings, the project brought together the key stakeholders from all three sectors to develop an agenda for spurring economic growth in California’s rural communities. Convening the necessary mix of leaders from all sectors to understand the challenges faced by California’s rural communities and identify actions for addressing them proved to be a major breakthrough. The Governor and the California Center for Regional Leadership were able to develop a Rural and Economic Health Vitality Policy Agenda with specific recommendations that are now being implemented.

4.    Develop awards programs to recognize and reward innovative, effective, and sustainable solutions.
Establishing government award programs to recognize success in social entrepreneurship would identify and support successful approaches. Such support could take the form of publicity, training, networking opportunities, and funding, and it would help to accelerate the progress of social entrepreneurs who are achieving exceptional results. A number of philanthropies, academic institutions, and media organizations—including Ashoka, Echoing Green, Fast Company Magazine, Harvard’s Kennedy School of Government, The Manhattan Institute, Schwab Foundation, Skoll Foundation, and the Social Innovation Forum—are already sponsoring awards programs that could serve as models for government.

Model: Social Innovation Forum
In the nonprofit sector, Root Cause’s Social Innovation Forum, which operates in Boston, provides an example of a competitive selection process that rewards proven solutions by connecting them to resources.  Each year, the Social Innovation Forum partners with local foundations and corporations to identify “Social Innovators” who are demonstrating promising approaches to addressing specific social problems in greater Boston. The organization provides these Social Innovators with strategy consulting, executive coaching from private sector leaders who volunteer their time, and introductions to a local Social Impact Investment Community made up of government leaders, foundations, and individual donors who are willing to offer time, talent, relationships, and money. Since 2003, the organization has identified and directed more than $2 million in resources to innovative, results-oriented organizations working in such areas as domestic violence, workforce development, youth development, and the environment.

1.    Establish institutions that support and promote social entrepreneurship.
The establishment of institutions, such as the Small Business Administration and the Office of Homeland Security, has long served as a key step that public officials can take to commit to and advance a particular issue. New institutions at the city, state, and federal levels would lead the way in creating environments in which social entrepreneurship can thrive. These institutions could also take the form of quasi-public agencies. 

Model: Louisiana’s Office of Social Entrepreneurship
Louisiana’s Office of Social Entrepreneurship has made its mission to “enable citizens and organizations working across sectors to use business principles to build, measure, and scale the most innovative, effective, and sustainable solutions to the social problems facing communities across the state.” It plans to conduct convenings across the state, in partnership with the private and nonprofit sectors, to discuss the root causes of Louisiana’s most pressing social problems and to identify the solutions that have already proven successful. During this ongoing process, the office and its partners will support citizens and organizations by: seeking to improve public policy and remove barriers; recognizing and rewarding successful models; offering training and networking opportunities to social entrepreneurs; and providing access to financial and in-kind resources. The office is also in the early stages of developing a public-private social innovation fund. Louisiana’s Office of Social Entrepreneurship is positioned to be the first of many institutions that support and promote social entrepreneurship.

2.    Allow greater autonomy. Set standards. Publish results.
Granting initiatives working on difficult social problems greater autonomy in how they spend their allotted money can encourage entrepreneurial behavior. At the same time, government can set performance standards and publish results. Such practices will ensure that the necessary work is getting done, while creating space for developing new ways of meeting and even surpassing those results. 

Model: New York City Public Schools’ Children First Initiative
Seeking to give school principals more control over their ability to meet performance standards, New York City Public Schools’ Children First Initiative grants greater autonomy to principals in handling day-to-day issues such as scheduling, hiring, curricula, and professional development. In return for this greater autonomy, schools are held to clear standards of accountability, particularly related to assessments and outcomes in reading and math, and particular school-performance measures, such as attendance and graduation rates. A central part of this reform is the development of public progress reports for every school in the system, based on a variety of measures, in which schools will receive a letter grade of “A” through “F.”

In partnership with government, social entrepreneurs can augment their ability to generate and implement transformative, cost-effective solutions to the most challenging societal problems facing our nation and the world. According to Vanessa Kirsch, president of New Profit Inc. and co-chair of America Forward, “Every day, social entrepreneurs are developing and implementing innovative solutions to meet our country's domestic challenges, and they are achieving greater results with fewer resources. Just as public investment has supported major initiatives in the past, a future president—and other city, state, and federal administrations—can support social entrepreneurs and their effective solutions and, in doing so, effect measurable change in our nation.”

In addition to Louisiana’s Office of Social Entrepreneurship, a number of initiatives focused on collaboration between government and social entrepreneurs have appeared in recent years. In Virginia, the Phoenix Project has partnered with high-level government officials to encourage social-entrepreneurial solutions that will reduce poverty in the state. In Texas, the OneStar Foundation, a quasi-public agency that leads the Corporation for National and Community Service activities in the state, is working in partnership with Texas Governor Rick Perry. OneStar has established a social sector development fund—with funding from the state matched by private funds—that seeks to stimulate social innovation, entrepreneurship, and investment in Texas’ nonprofit sector. Vermont recently passed legislation for a Low-Profit, Limited Liability Partnership Company (L3C), to accommodate social enterprises that blur the lines between the nonprofit and private sectors. The U.S. Department of Agriculture partnered with the Girl Scouts of the USA to train a new generation of leaders in rural communities in social entrepreneurship through the Challenge and Change program. One of the presidential candidates has called for a national Social Entrepreneur Agency. The Center for American Progress has provided thought leadership and recommendations for a White House Office of Social Innovation. New Profit’s America Forward coalition of more than 60 social-entrepreneurial organizations is working to connect social entrepreneurs with policymakers. The Ash Institute for Democratic Governance and Innovation at Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government will convene a working group of government officials, social entrepreneurs, and other thought leaders to examine and seek to change the way America’s communities approach social problem solving. Root Cause’s Public Innovators is working with government leaders at the city, state, and federal levels to promote a new way of thinking about and approaching social problems. These new initiatives constitute the first wave of what is likely to be a flood of new experiments in governmental support of social entrepreneurship.

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR GOVERNMENT TO ADVANCE SOCIAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Government has frequently developed institutions, programs, and policies to support a variety of activities in the private and nonprofit sectors. The 13 recommendations detailed here are coupled with models that draw on existing government support of social entrepreneurship; government support of private-sector small business entrepreneurship; and non-governmental initiatives that could serve as models for government.

To aid policy makers and government agencies in navigating these recommendations, we have divided them into three categories from which to take action from:

•    Lay the foundation for a new era of social entrepreneurship.
•    Set policy to enable and encourage social entrepreneurship.
•    Develop financial and non-financial resources for social entrepreneurship.


Next week: 13 Recommendations & Models

So far, collaboration between social-entrepreneurial organizations and government has occurred in isolated incidents. Yet, given the traditional role of the government in responding to market failures—and the amount of federal funds dedicated to resolving domestic social problems—it is evident that working together strategically provides the United States with an opportunity not only to accelerate solutions in the areas in which our nation currently lags, but to become a model for the rest of the world. As Roger L. Martin and Sally Osberg state in a recent article for the Stanford Social Innovation Review, “Social entrepreneurship, we believe, is as vital to the progress of societies as is entrepreneurship to the progress of economies, and it merits more rigorous, serious attention than it has attracted so far.”


Leading the Advancement of Social Entrepreneurship

Government support of entrepreneurship in the private sector provides a model for the steps that government leaders can take to address America’s toughest social problems while helping to make our nation a global leader in social entrepreneurship. With the establishment of the Federal Reserve (1913), Securities and Exchange Commission (1934), and the Small Business Administration (1953), along with countless other policies, institutions, and programs, the federal government has encouraged a flood of innovation and entrepreneurship that produced some of the world’s greatest companies. The innovations of these companies have led to the creation of thousands of jobs, at times spawning entire new industries—as did Ford Motors with the automobile industry and Microsoft with the software industry. Ultimately, government played a crucial role in making America all but synonymous with business innovation and entrepreneurship. 

Momentum is building for government to create the same type of environment for social entrepreneurship. In February 2007, Louisiana Lieutenant Governor Mitch Landrieu launched an unprecedented effort to find and promote effective solutions to the myriad challenges facing his state following Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Seeking to bolster the state’s social service system, and to ensure that emergency funding would be well spent, Landrieu founded the nation’s first government-run Office of Social Entrepreneurship. The office aims to shift the orientation of the social-services sector of Louisiana to a results-driven approach, while making Louisiana, in Landrieu’s words, “the most hospitable place in the country for those who are testing and launching the best, most effective new program models for social change.”  As Director of Strategic Partnerships Brooke Smith explains, the disasters of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita actually surfaced an opportunity to find new ways to approach longstanding societal challenges in Louisiana. “We began to see successes in areas where we’d never looked before. They all centered on social entrepreneurs who had succeeded in finding a way to bring the public, private, and nonprofit sectors together and to run truly effective, innovative, sustainable programming that could really move the dial on the state’s issues in education, health care, transportation, and other areas that have been problems for a long time.” 

Next week: Leading the Advancement of Social Entrepreneurship, continued

Introduction: A New Type of Entrepreneurship for the Twenty-First Century

As the first decade of the twenty-first century comes to a close, the United States faces incredible societal challenges. One quarter of the population fails to finish high school, creating a national graduation rate that lags 8 percent behind rates in the European Union.  The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world, with 1 in 100 adult Americans behind bars.  U.S. child poverty rates are also among the highest of the world’s developed nations, with 21 percent of American children living below the poverty line.  And even with the highest per capita spending on health care,  the U.S. health system ranks 37th in the world—lower than any other developed nation.  On the global stage, nearly 3 billion people live on less than 2 dollars a day,  while malaria—an easily preventable and curable disease—kills more than 1 million children per year.  If the United States is to maintain its place as a world leader, we must find ways to reverse these trends, both in our own country and around the world.

Crucial to surmounting these and other challenges facing our nation and the world will be making efficient and effective use of public sector resources, and leveraging those resources through collaboration with the private and nonprofit sectors. Public-finance theory tends to assign two major roles to government: 1) providing public goods, such as libraries, public education, national defense, and policing; and 2) addressing inequalities produced by market failures through redistribution—in the form of unemployment benefits, disaster assistance, or benefits to families living in poverty, to name a few of the most common methods.  To carry out the latter role, the federal government alone spends more than $1 trillion per year, by conservative estimates, to provide direct benefits to constituents, award service grants and contracts to nonprofit and private service providers, and employ government agency staff.  State and local governments dedicate their own funds to benefit their constituents—creating an even larger pool of government resources and activities, all aimed at solving social problems. Government resources dwarf the funds spent by the nation’s largest foundations and by individual donors, who contribute $16.4 billion  and $163.5 billion  per year respectively. Given the magnitude of the challenges we face, and the vast amount of government resources devoted to these challenges, spending every taxpayer dollar wisely is imperative. 

Social entrepreneurship—the practice of responding to market failures with transformative, financially sustainable innovations—is uniquely positioned to help government officials address our nation’s toughest social problems more effectively.   Combining business principles with a passion for social impact, social-entrepreneurial initiatives can take the form of for-profits, nonprofits, or government programs and exhibit three core characteristics:

•  Social Innovation - finding, testing, and honing new and potentially transformative ways of approaching social problems;

•  Accountability - measuring results, continuously making improvements based on those results, and sharing performance and outcome data with stakeholders;

•  Sustainability - identifying reliable financial and other types of support by utilizing markets, forming partnerships across sectors, and responding to stakeholder needs to ensure that the solution will be enduring. 

Next week: Leading the Advancement of Social Entrepreneurship

To summarize, social entrepreneurship is the practice of responding to market failures with transformative, financially sustainable innovations aimed at solving social problems.  Over the first half of this blog, we broke this down into three components: addressing a market failure, potentially transformative, and financially sustainable. 

Response to Market Failures
Social entrepreneurs can take three approaches in targeting beneficiaries and responding to market failures. In a no-market approach, beneficiaries are unable to pay anything  and, as a result, costs must be fully subsidized.  In a limited-market approach, beneficiaries have some ability to pay, and thus the social entrepreneur can rely on some earned revenues to sustain the initiative.  Finally, in a low-profit-market approach, beneficiaries have the capacity to pay the full cost and the social entrepreneur thus has the potential to generate a profit. However, the market may be underdeveloped or investments in this market may yield returns that are less than typical for for-profit ventures.

Potentially Transformative Innovation
As Ashoka Founder Bill Drayton famously commented, “social entrepreneurs are not content just to give a fish or teach how to fish. They will not rest until they have revolutionized the fishing industry.” While addressing a social problem with a potentially transformative innovation is an essential component of the definition of social entrepreneurship offered here, succeeding in generating such transformation is not.  Nonetheless, the definition of social entrepreneurship requires that initiatives at least have the potential for transformative social innovation on a local, national, or global scale.

Financial Sustainability
While social entrepreneurship is not defined by one standard model for achieving financial sustainability, working toward financial sustainability is essential if an approach to a social problem caused by market failure is to be successful enough to have transformative potential. Financial models generally include two components. Nonfinancial resources refer to the skilled or unskilled volunteers and one-time or recurring in-kind donations that enable social entrepreneurs to increase the sustainability of their initiatives.  Meanwhile, predictable revenue sources include long-term, repeat, and performance-based funding sources—foundation, individual, government, corporate, and fee-based—that will provide predictable funding, despite conditions of market failure.

We looked at two ways that such social entrepreneurial solutions assist government in fulfilling its role to benefit Americans:

Leveraging Public and Private Resources
Because of their focus on financial sustainability, social entrepreneurs identify and utilize new and existing resources, both financial and nonfinancial, to help them address social problems. Often this means that they are able to implement solutions that have previously been too costly. At times, social entrepreneurs even shift costs from public budgets to private resources, thus freeing tax revenue to address other needs.

Testing and Developing Solutions
Despite the best efforts of government, nonprofits, and individual citizens, solutions for social problems can be hard to find. Given the challenges—and frequent failures—of attempts to innovate, social entrepreneurs supply a second valuable benefit to government: developing solutions, testing new theories, and designing new approaches to addressing social problems.

We now turn to government’s role in supporting social entrepreneurship.

Next week: Advancing Social Entrepreneurship: Recommendations for Policy Makers and Government Agencies

Another example of social entrepreneurs testing and developing solutions to social problems:

New Leaders for New Schools (New Leaders)

Market Failure
Many students in school districts located in low-income communities across the United States are performing below national standards. New Leaders founder Jon Schnur observed that in the school settings that served as exceptions to this rule, strong leadership by a committed principal was a common factor. “We’ve never seen a great classroom without an effective teacher, and we’ve never seen a school driving results for all kids without a great principal. Even where you’ve got good teachers, they don’t stay and they don’t work together in the right way and ultimately collaborate in the right way without a great principal.”  Yet there was little focus on the recruitment, selection, or training for these essential school leaders.

Transformative, Financially Sustainable Social Innovation
New Leaders was founded to test the hypothesis that putting resources towards selecting, training, and supporting principals who are committed to meeting high standards—even for children in the toughest neighborhoods with access to the fewest resources—will have a positive impact on students and ultimately the entire school’s performance. Through a highly competitive process (approximately 6 percent of applicants are selected each year), New Leaders identifies and trains educators whose values and skills suggest they can “lead and build schools’ cultures to drive high expectation for all kids.” Those chosen spend an intensive year as “residents” in an urban school, and then receive placement assistance and ongoing support as they take the reins as principals in schools of their own. New Leaders’ no-market approach is supported in part by public funds, in the form of the salaries their residents and principals receive from the school district where they work, and by several long-term philanthropic donors, who cover the costs of screening, selecting, training, mentoring, and providing ongoing support to their principals.

Six years of experience has proven their initial hypothesis true. Approximately 95 percent of people who train with New Leaders take on school leadership roles—80 percent as principals—compared with fewer than half of principal trainees becoming principals in other, more traditional programs. Across the 2004--2006 academic years, 100 percent of schools led by New Leaders principals for at least two consecutive years achieved notable increases in student achievement, with 83 percent achieving double-digit gains.

Societal Benefits
New Leaders provides an example of how social-entrepreneurial experimentation, when successful, can produce new practices that government can take up to benefit Americans. New Leaders was able to take on the initial costs and risk of testing out its theory that principals trained to be great leaders can build high-performing schools. Now, city governments across the country are looking to New Leaders as a model. Some have brought New Leaders to their cities, while others have started their own principal-leadership programs based on the New Leaders approach.

Learn how City Year tested the idea of voluntary national service and inspired the creation of AmeriCorps.

Next week: Summary of social entrepreneurship helping government to benefit America

Despite the best efforts of government, nonprofits, and individual citizens, solutions for social problems can be hard to find. As Gregory Dees notes, “With all of our scientific knowledge and rational planning, we still do not know in advance what will work effectively. Thus, progress in the social sphere depends on a process of innovation and experimentation…an active, messy, highly decentralized learning process.”  Given the challenges—and frequent failures—of attempts to innovate, social entrepreneurs supply a second valuable benefit to government. According to Jeffrey Robinson, assistant professor of management and entrepreneurship at NYU’s Stern School of Business, “Experimentation is the value of social entrepreneurship to government. How do you break a logjam? Social entrepreneurs are often successful in figuring it out.” 

Both Benetech and New Leaders for New Schools provide examples of social entrepreneurs helping government benefit Americans by developing solutions, testing new theories, or designing new approaches to addressing social problems.

Benetech

Market Failure
Twenty years ago, the best available technology for a blind person to read printed text was a machine the size of a clothes dryer with a five-figure price tag. It was an unrealistic and unaffordable option for accomplishing daily tasks like browsing a newspaper or looking over a piece of mail. Although the technology for creating an affordable, portable machine existed, the potential customer base—blind individuals and their employers—was too small to promise a traditional return on investment. As a result, technology investors were unwilling to take the risk to develop such a product.

Transformative, Financially Sustainable Social Innovation
Benetech was founded as a low-profit-market approach to ensuring the development of technology that promises to have a high social value despite low potential for generating a typical return on investment. The company’s first product, the Arkenstone Reading Machine, makes use of the optical character recognition (OCR) technology found in scanners and can be used with a personal computer to scan and read text aloud.

At a cost of less than $2,000, the Arkenstone Reading Machine quickly found a large customer base. In addition to blind individuals and their employers, people with learning disabilities and government agencies that serve the disabled, including the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, began purchasing the product. This expansive customer base helped to generate millions of dollars in revenue annually and ultimately led to the sale of the reading machine and the Arkenstone brand to a for-profit distributor of disabilities products, an example of how a low-profit-market approach can eventually develop a market that could be served by a traditional for-profit approach.

Societal Benefits
Benetech was able to test and ultimately develop a self-sustaining solution to a problem caused by a market failure that government was unable to address. Its inexpensive reading machine, tested in the early stages by accepting below-average returns, ultimately ended up creating a new and profitable market while serving the thousands of Americans—veterans in particular—who previously were unable to read printed text on their own.

Next week: Testing & Developing Solutions continued - New Leaders for New Schools

Transformative, Financially Sustainable Innovation
ITNAmerica provides rides in private cars available 365 days a year, 24 hours a day, with “door-through-door” service using a combination of paid and volunteer drivers. Taking a limited-market approach, ITNAmerica charges a nominal one-time membership fee of $35 and about 50 percent of the cost of a taxi for each ride. Payments must be made for every ride, but no money changes hands in the vehicle. Seniors fund personal transportation accounts in advance and receive a monthly statement by mail.

In embarking on an ambitious five-year growth strategy, ITNAmerica has been efficient in leveraging private resources. According to founder Katherine Freund, “We have a very flexible approach to resources. We say money is one kind of resource, but there are other kinds of assets that have economic value. And if we can find a way to capture different kinds of economic value, then we can use those resources also to pay for rides.”   Volunteer drivers make up about 40 to 60 percent of the driving team. This helps the organization keep costs manageable, and offers seniors a way to subsidize the cost of their own rides. Many of the volunteers who are over the age of 60 contribute their own volunteer driving time through ITNAmerica’s Transportation Social Security program, building up credits in their personal transportation accounts for their own future use while they are still safe and healthy to transport others. Family members also supply volunteer time and make in-kind contributions of their driving credits to their relatives who are using the service. Seniors may trade their personal vehicles when they are no longer able to use them and apply the liquidated equity to fund their personal transportation accounts. The donated vehicles are often used to deliver rides.

Societal Benefits
ITNAmerica has developed a highly efficient model that ultimately funds itself. When the organization starts an affiliate program in a new city, it limits the amount of public funding it accepts to 50 percent or less of the capital necessary. Moreover, no public funds may be used for day-to-day operations, because ongoing use of public funds crowds out the development of the private community support so essential for long-term sustainability. Freund explains, “Most of the resources for transportation are private. If you don’t have a model that is built to access them, then you’ll fall into the pattern of being one of many providers in a turf war over the public dollars.”  She notes that while many social problems require ongoing public support, senior transport—which targets a population willing and able to pay modest fees—is not one of them. Once ITNAmerica affiliates reach their full capacity, the public funding that helped to get them started can be directed to other needs. As a result, ITNAmerica leverages minimal initial support from government to meet the transportation needs of older Americans across the country.

Learn how KaBOOM! has leveraged public and private resources to build nearly 2,000 new playgrounds in underserved communities.

Next week: How social entrepreneurship helps government Part II: Testing & Developing Solutions

As new contributors in the realm of social problem solving, social entrepreneurs have come to serve as resources for government as it addresses social problems to improve the lives of Americans. As Citizens Schools Co-founder and CEO Eric Schwarz explains, “The best social entrepreneurs have great results. Government is looking at ways to get results at low costs. Social entrepreneurs can help them achieve this. They can test new ideas and innovations, and partner with government to bring successful ones to scale.”

Government leaders continually face pressures to allocate limited tax revenues to address pressing societal needs, and many have achieved a great degree of success. While social entrepreneurs will never take the place of government, conversations with social entrepreneurs and experts in the field suggest that social entrepreneurship is uniquely positioned to help government officials better address societal needs. Specifically, the social entrepreneurs interviewed help government improve the lives of their constituents in two primary ways: (1) leveraging public and private resources and (2) testing and developing solutions.

Leveraging Public and Private Resources: ITNAmerica
Because of their focus on financial sustainability, social entrepreneurs identify and utilize new and existing resources, both financial and nonfinancial, to help them address social problems. Often this means that social entrepreneurs are able to implement solutions to social problems on a wider scale that have previously been too costly. At times, social entrepreneurs also end up shifting costs from public budgets to private resources, thus freeing up government tax revenue to address other needs.

Market Failure
ITNAmerica provides a good example. Too often, older Americans must choose between their safety and their mobility—between continuing to drive as their abilities decline or remaining homebound and dependent on others after giving up their cars. Prior attempts to address this problem have failed to fully meet the needs of their target senior consumers. Senior transportation programs, often government funded, have typically relied on attempts to convince older people to ride buses or subways; on organizing volunteers to pick up vanloads of seniors for group trips; or offering rides to a handful of specific destinations, such as medical appointments. Finding these options insufficient, many seniors continue to drive when they are no longer fit to operate a vehicle, or become increasingly housebound as they restrict their own driving and become dependent on favors from family and friends. As ITNAmerica Founder Katherine Freund explains, “Depending on the private automobile for transportation is inadequate for years before people actually stop driving. And then people who do stop driving outlive that decision by about ten years. It’s a very big problem because of the aging of the population. There are more older people. There are more older people living longer. There are more older people outliving the ability to drive longer. You can see if you multiply those things together you come up with a pretty big social problem.”

Next week: Leveraging public & private resources, continued:  ITNAmerica’s solution

Market Failure
U.S. recidivism rates are at about 60 percent throughout the nation.  While reducing these rates would produce significant societal benefits by reducing the overall prison population, cutting down on incarceration costs, and ultimately ending up with more productive citizens, there is little hope of a market-based solution to meeting this need. Prisoners have little ability to pay. RSVP, a San Francisco–based government initiative housed in the city’s sheriff department, provides an example of a social-entrepreneurial initiative addressing a no-market opportunity.

Transformative Innovation
Dissatisfied with traditional approaches to prisoner rehabilitation, a diverse planning committee of former offenders, crime victims, and community leaders participated in the development of the RSVP model.  Explains program administrator Sunny Schwartz, “We had victims’ rights advocates; formerly abusive men and gang members; orthodox rabbis, Baptist ministers, atheists; and deputy sheriffs from line staff to upper echelon. And then the usual stakeholders—probation and people on the bench.”

The resulting program differs from the usual approaches by encouraging and teaching offenders to take responsibility for their crimes. The program also includes a class that teaches offenders to experience empathy for those who have been harmed by violence. Victims of crimes work with former offenders and community stakeholders to develop the curriculum used for these classes and to participate as trainers. When offenders are released from prison, many participate in an “internship” program and receive employment training while performing restorative acts in the community. Those who are successful eventually return to the prison as facilitators of RSVP sessions. Some of the victims of the RSVP participants become advocates and work with RSVP.

RSVP’s results thus far indicate that the organization is on its way to developing a rehabilitation method for violent offenders that has the potential to transform current practices in U.S. prisons. An independent, quantitative evaluation of RSVP found that the average annual incidence rate for fights and other forms of in-prison violence for their program participants is essentially zero, compared with 28 in a traditional “lock-up” prison setting—even though the participants sleep in open dorms. Further, offenders who participated in the program for at least eight weeks had a 46 percent lower rate of re-arrest for violent crime than those who served their time in a traditional jail. This difference increased to 83 percent for those who completed at least 16 weeks of the program.   Governments and organizations around the country and world have approached RSVP for advice on replicating the program, some of which has already begun.

Financial Sustainability
For no-market approaches, achieving financial sustainability requires full subsidies in order to start and maintain the initiative. One option in no-market conditions is to work within the government, where public funding is available. RSVP, whose staff is made up entirely of public employees, was able to secure predictable funding with a line item in the City of San Francisco’s budget.

Read additional case studies about Triangle Resident Options for Substance Abuse (TROSA)’s limited-market approach and Outside The Classroom’s low-profit market approach in the